Thursday, March 31, 2022
Wednesday, March 30, 2022
Saturday, March 26, 2022
Conduct & Disciplinary Rules – 112
The Central Civil Services (Classification, Control & Appeal) Rules, 1965
15. ACTION ON INQUIRY REPORT:
(1)
The disciplinary authority, if it is not itself the inquiring authority may,
for reasons to be recorded by it in writing, remit the case to the inquiring
authority for further inquiry and report and the inquiring authority shall
thereupon proceed to hold the further inquiry according to the provisions of
Rule 14, as far as may be.
(2)
The disciplinary authority shall forward or cause to be forwarded a copy of the
report of the inquiry, if any, held by the disciplinary authority or where the
disciplinary authority is not the inquiring authority, a copy of the report of
the inquiring authority together with its own tentative reasons for
disagreement, if any, with the findings of inquiring authority on any article
of charge to the Government servant who shall be required to submit, if he so
desires, his written representation or submission to the disciplinary authority
within fifteen days, irrespective of whether the report is favourable or not to
the Government servant.
*[(3)
(a) In every case where it is necessary to consult the Commission, the
Disciplinary Authority shall forward or cause to be forwarded to the Commission
for its advice:
(i)
a copy of the report of the Inquiring Authority together with its own tentative
reasons for disagreement, if any, with the findings of Inquiring Authority on
any article of charge; and
(ii)
comments of Disciplinary Authority on the representation of the Government
servant on the Inquiry report and disagreement note, if any and all the case
records of the inquiry proceedings.
(b)
The Disciplinary Authority shall forward or cause to be forwarded a copy of the
advice of the Commission received under clause (a) to the Government servant,
who shall be required to submit, if he so desires, his written representation
or submission to the Disciplinary Authority within fifteen days, on the advice
of the Commission.
(4)
The Disciplinary Authority shall consider the representation under sub-rule (2)
and/or clause (b) of sub-rule (3), if any, submitted by the Government servant
and record its findings before proceeding further in the matter as specified in
sub-rules (5) and (6).
(5)
If the Disciplinary Authority having regard to its findings on all or any of
the articles of charge is of the opinion that any of the penalties specified in
clauses (i) to (iv) of rule 11 should be imposed on the Government servant, it
shall, notwithstanding anything contained in rule 16, make an order imposing
such penalty.
(6)
If the Disciplinary Authority having regard to its findings on all or any of
the articles of charge and on the basis of the evidence adduced during the
inquiry is of the opinion that any of the penalties specified in clauses (v) to
(ix) of rule 11 should be imposed on the Government servant, it shall make an
order imposing such penalty and it shall not be necessary to give the
Government servant any opportunity of making representation on the penalty
proposed to be imposed.]
*[Substituted
vide the Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) (Second
Amendment) Rules, 2014 - Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (Department
of Personnel and Training) Notification dated the 31st October, 2014 issued
from 11012/8/2011-Estt.(A)]\
Wednesday, March 23, 2022
Tuesday, March 22, 2022
Clarification on substitute arrangements in place of regular GDS
D'te OM No. 17-31/2016-GDS dated 21.03.2022
Monday, March 21, 2022
Sunday, March 20, 2022
Saturday, March 19, 2022
FHB Volume I (2022)
Financial Hand Book Volume I has been updated and released as on 2022. Previously, the FHB Volume I was last revised on 1970.
Financial Hand Book Volume I (2022) can be viewed / downloaded here.
Friday, March 18, 2022
Conduct & Disciplinary Rules – 111
The Central Civil Services (Classification, Control &Appeal) Rules, 1965
(13)
On receipt of the requisition referred to in sub-rule (12), every authority
having the custody or possession of the requisitioned documents shall produce
the same before the inquiring authority:
Provided
that if the authority having the custody or possession of the requisitioned
documents is satisfied for reasons to be recorded by it in writing that the
production of all or any of such documents would be against the public interest
or security of the State, it shall inform the inquiring authority accordingly
and the inquiring authority shall, on being so informed, communicate the
information to the Government servant and withdraw the requisition made by it
for the production or discovery of such documents.
(14)
On the date fixed for the inquiry, the oral and documentary evidence by which
the articles of charge are proposed to be proved shall be produced by or on
behalf of the disciplinary authority. The witnesses shall be examined by or on
behalf of the Presenting Officer and may be cross-examined by or on behalf of
the Government servant. The Presenting Officer shall be entitled to re-examine
the witnesses on any points on which they have been cross-examined, but not on
any new matter, without the leave of the inquiring authority. The inquiring
authority may also put such questions to the witnesses as it thinks fit.
(15)
If it shall appear necessary before the close of the case on behalf of the
disciplinary authority, the inquiring authority may, in its discretion, allow
the Presenting Officer to produce evidence not included in the list given to
the Government servant or may itself call for new evidence or recall and
re-examine any witness and in such case the Government servant shall be
entitled to have, if he demands it, a copy of the list of further evidence
proposed to be produced and an adjournment of the inquiry for three clear days
before the production of such new evidence, exclusive of the day of adjournment
and the day to which the inquiry is adjourned. The inquiring authority shall
give the Government servant an opportunity of inspecting such documents before
they are taken on the record. The inquiring authority may also allow the
Government servant to produce new evidence, if it is of the opinion that the
production of such evidence is necessary, in the interests of justice.
NOTE.-
New evidence shall not be permitted or called for or any witness shall not be
recalled to fill up any gap in the evidence. Such evidence may be called for
only when there is an inherent lacuna or defect in the evidence which has been
produced originally.
(16)
When the case for the disciplinary authority is closed, the Government servant
shall be required to state his defence, orally or in writing, as he may prefer.
If the defence is made orally, it shall be recorded and the Government servant
shall be required to sign the record. In either case, a copy of the statement
of defence shall be given to the Presenting Officer, if any, appointed.
(17)
The evidence on behalf of the Government servant shall then be produced. The
Government servant may examine himself in his own behalf if he so prefers. The
witnesses produced by the Government servant shall then be examined and shall
be liable to cross-examination, re-examination and examination by the inquiring
authority according to the provisions applicable to the witnesses for the
disciplinary authority.
(18)
The inquiring authority may, after the Government servant closes his case, and
shall, if the Government servant has not examined himself, generally question
him on the circumstances appearing against him in the evidence for the purpose
of enabling the Government servant to explain any circumstances appearing in
the evidence against him.
(19)
The inquiring authority may, after the completion of the production of
evidence, hear the Presenting Officer, if any, appointed, and the Government
servant, or permit them to file written briefs of their respective case, if
they so desire.
(20)
If the Government servant to whom a copy of the articles of charge has been
delivered, does not submit the written statement of defence on or before the
date specified for the purpose or does not appear in person before the
inquiring authority or otherwise fails or refuses to comply with the provisions
of this rule, the inquiring authority may hold the inquiry ex parte.
(21)(a)
Where a disciplinary authority competent to impose any of the penalties
specified in clause (i) to (iv) of rule 11 (but not competent to impose any of
the penalties specified in clauses (v) to (ix) of rule 11), has itself inquired
into or caused to be inquired into the articles of any charge and that
authority, having regard to its own findings or having regard to its decision
on any of the findings of any inquiring authority appointed by it, is of the
opinion that the penalties specified in clauses (v) to (ix) of rule 11 should
be imposed on the Government servant, that authority shall forward the records
of the inquiry to such disciplinary authority as is competent to impose the
last mentioned penalties.
(b)
The disciplinary authority to which the records are so forwarded may act on the
evidence on the record or may, if it is of the opinion that further examination
of any of the witnesses is necessary in the interests of justice, recall the
witness and examine, cross-examine and re-examine the witness and may impose on
the Government servant such penalty as it may deem fit in accordance with these
rules.
(22)
Whenever any inquiring authority, after having heard and recorded the whole or
any part of the evidence in an inquiry ceases to exercise jurisdiction therein,
and is succeeded by another inquiring authority which has, and which exercises,
such jurisdiction, the inquiring authority so succeeding may act on the
evidence so recorded by its predecessor, or partly recorded by its predecessor
and partly recorded by itself:
Provided
that if the succeeding inquiring authority is of the opinion that further
examination of any of the witnesses whose evidence has already been recorded is
necessary in the interests of justice, it may recall, examine, cross-examine
and re-examine any such witnesses as hereinbefore provided.
(23)(i)
After the conclusion of the inquiry, a report shall be prepared and it shall
contain-
(a)
the articles of charge and the statement of the imputations of misconduct or
misbehaviour;
(b)
the defence of the Government servant in respect of each article of charge;
(c)
an assessment of the evidence in respect of each article of charge;
(d)
the findings on each article of charge and the reasons therefor.
EXPLANATION-
If in the opinion of the inquiring authority the proceedings of the inquiry establish
any article of charge different from the original articles of the charge, it
may record its findings on such article of charge:
Provided
that the findings on such article of charge shall not be recorded unless the
Government servant has either admitted the facts on which such article of
charge is based or has had a reasonable opportunity of defending himself
against such article of charge.
(ii)
The inquiring authority, where it is not itself the disciplinary authority,
shall forward to the disciplinary authority the records of inquiry which shall
include:-
(a)
the report prepared by it under clause (i).
(b)
the written statement of defence, if any, submitted by the Government servant;
(c)
the oral and documentary evidence produced in the course of the inquiry;
(d)
written briefs, if any, filed by the Presenting Officer or the Government
servant or both during the course of the inquiry; and
(e)
the orders, if any, made by the disciplinary authority and the inquiring
authority in regard to the inquiry.
Thursday, March 17, 2022
Wednesday, March 16, 2022
Conduct & Disciplinary Rules – 110
The Central Civil Services (Classification, Control & Appeal) Rules, 1965
PART VI - PROCEDURE FOR IMPOSING PENALTIES
14. PROCEDURE FOR IMPOSING MAJOR PENALTIES:
(1)
No order imposing any of the penalties specified in clauses (v) to (ix) of Rule
11 shall be made except after an inquiry held, as far as may be, in the manner
provided in this rule and rule 15, or in the manner provided by the Public
Servants (Inquiries) Act, 1850 (37 of 1850), where such inquiry is held under
that Act.
(2)
Whenever the disciplinary authority is of the opinion that there are grounds
for inquiring into the truth of any imputation of misconduct or misbehaviour
against a Government servant, it may itself inquire into, or appoint under this
rule or under the provisions of the Public Servants (Inquiries) Act, 1850, as
the case may be, an authority to inquire into the truth thereof.
Provided
that where there is a complaint of sexual harassment within the meaning of rule
3 C of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, the complaints
Committee established in each ministry or Department or Office for inquiring
into such complaints, shall be deemed to be the inquiring authority appointed by
the disciplinary authority for the purpose of these rules and the Complaints
Committee shall hold, if separate procedure has not been prescribed for the
complaints committee for holding the inquiry into the complaints of sexual
harassments, the inquiry as far as practicable in accordance with the procedure
laid down in these rules.
EXPLANATION
- Where the disciplinary authority itself holds the inquiry, any reference in
sub-rule (7) to sub-rule (20) and in sub-rule (22) to the inquiring authority
shall be construed as a reference to the disciplinary authority.
(3)
Where it is proposed to hold an inquiry against a Government servant under this
rule and rule 15, the disciplinary authority shall draw up or cause to be drawn
up-
(i)
the substance of the imputations of misconduct or misbehaviour into definite
and distinct articles of charge;
(ii)
a statement of the imputations of misconduct or misbehaviour in support of each
article of charge, which shall contain-
(a)
a statement of all relevant facts including any admission or confession made by
the Government servant;
(b)
a list of documents by which, and a list of witnesses by whom, the articles of
charge are proposed to be sustained.
(4)
The disciplinary authority shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the
Government servant a copy of the articles of charge, the statement of the
imputations of misconduct or misbehaviour and a list of documents and witnesses
by which each article of charges is proposed to be sustained and shall require
the Government servant to submit, within such time as may be specified, a
written statement of his defence and to state whether he desires to be heard in
person.
(5)(a)
On receipt of the written statement of defence, the disciplinary authority may
itself inquire into such of the articles of charge as are not admitted, or, if
it considers it necessary so to do, appoint, under sub-rule (2), an inquiring
authority for the purpose, and where all the articles of charge have been
admitted by the Government servant in his written statement of defence, the
disciplinary authority shall record its findings on each charge after taking
such evidence as it may think fit and shall act in the manner laid down in rule
15.
(b)
If no written statement of defence is submitted by the Government servant, the
disciplinary authority may itself inquire into the articles of charge, or may,
if it considers it necessary to do so, appoint, under sub-rule (2), an
inquiring authority for the purpose.
(c)
Where the disciplinary authority itself inquires into any article of charge or
appoints an inquiring authority for holding an inquiry into such charge, it
may, by an order, appoint a Government servant or a legal practitioner, to be
known as the "Presenting Officer" to present on its behalf the case
in support of the articles of charge.
(6)
The disciplinary authority shall, where it is not the inquiring authority,
forward to the inquiring authority-
(i)
a copy of the articles of charge and the statement of the imputations of
misconduct or misbehaviour;
(ii)
a copy of the written statement of the defence, if any, submitted by the
Government servant;
(iii)
a copy of the statements of witnesses, if any, referred to in sub-rule (3);
(iv)
evidence proving the delivery of the documents referred to in sub-rule (3) to
the Government servant; and
(v)
a copy of the order appointing the "Presenting Officer".
(7)
The Government servant shall appear in person before the inquiring authority on
such day and at such time within ten working days from the date of receipt by
the inquiring authority of the articles of charge and the statement of the
imputations of misconduct or misbehaviour, as the inquiring authority may, by
notice in writing, specify, in this behalf, or within such further time, not
exceeding ten days, as the inquiring authority may allow.
(8)(a)
The Government servant may take the assistance of any other Government servant
posted in any office either at his headquarters or at the place where the
inquiry is held, to present the case on his behalf, but may not engage a legal
practitioner for the purpose, unless the Presenting Officer appointed by the
disciplinary authority is a legal practitioner, or, the disciplinary authority,
having regard to the circumstances of the case, so permits;
Provided
that the Government servant may take the assistance of any other Government
servant posted at any other station, if the inquiring authority having regard
to the circumstances of the case, and for reasons to be recorded in writing, so
permits.
Note:
The Government servant shall not take the assistance of any other Government
servant who has three pending disciplinary cases on hand in which he has to
give assistance.
(b)
The Government servant may also take the assistance of a retired Government
servant to present the case on his behalf, subject to such conditions as may be
specified by the President from time to time by general or special order in
this behalf.
(9)
If the Government servant who has not admitted any of the articles of charge in
his written statement of defence or has not submitted any written statement of
defence, appears before the inquiring authority, such authority shall ask him
whether he is guilty or has any defence to make and it he pleads guilty to any
of the articles of charge, the inquiring authority shall record the plea, sign the
record and obtain the signature of the Government servant thereon.
(10)
The inquiring authority shall return a finding of guilt in respect of those
articles of charge to which the government servant pleads guilty.
(11)
The inquiring authority shall, if the Government servant fails to appear within
the specified time or refuses or omits to plead, require the Presenting Officer
to produce the evidence by which he proposes to prove the articles of charge,
and shall adjourn the case to a later date not exceeding thirty days, after
recording an order that the Government servant may, for the purpose of
preparing his defence:
(i)
inspect within five days of the order or within such further time not exceeding
five days as the inquiring authority may allow, the documents specified in the
list referred to in sub-rule (3);
(ii)
submit a list of witnesses to be examined on his behalf;
NOTE-
If
the Government servant applies orally or in writing for the supply of copies of
the statements of witnesses mentioned in the list referred to in sub-rule (3),
the inquiring authority shall furnish him with such copies as early as possible
and in any case not later than three days before the commencement of the
examination of the witnesses on behalf of the disciplinary authority.
(iii)
give a notice within ten days of the order or within such further time not
exceeding ten days as the inquiring authority may allow, for the discovery or
production of any documents which are in the possession of Government but not
mentioned in the list referred to in sub-rule (3).
NOTE-
The
Government servant shall indicate the relevance of the documents required by
him to be discovered or produced by the Government.
(12)
The inquiring authority shall, on receipt of the notice for the discovery or
production of documents, forward the same or copies thereof to the authority in
whose custody or possession the documents are kept, with a requisition for the
production of the documents by such date as may be specified in such
requisition:
Provided
that the inquiring authority may, for reasons to be recorded by it in writing,
refuse to requisition such of the documents as are, in its opinion, not
relevant to the case.
Tuesday, March 15, 2022
Monday, March 14, 2022
RELAX, REFRESH YOUR ENGLISH KNOWLEDGE
RELAX, REFRESH YOUR ENGLISH KNOWLEDGE – 3
(This collection is made from Marriem-Webster)
1. Nimiety \nih-MYE-uh-tee\ noun
Meaning
: excess, redundancy
Example Sentence
"To avoid receiving a nimiety of kitchenware," advised the
bridal guide, "be sure to register for a wide range of gifts for your
guests to choose from."
Did you know?
There's no scarcity of English words used for too much of a good thing — words like "overkill," "plethora," "superfluity," "surfeit," "surplus," and "preponderance," to name a few. In fact, you might just feel that "nimiety" itself is a bit superfluous. And it's true — we've never used the word excessively, though it has been part of our language for nearly 450 years. (We borrowed it from Late Latin "nimietas," a noun taken, in turn, from the Latin adjective "nimius," meaning "excessive.") Superfluous or not, "nimiety" still turns up occasionally. For example, in his 1991 book Biblioholism: The Literary Addiction, about "the habitual longing to purchase, read, store, admire and consume books in excess," author Tom Raabe blames one bookstore's "nimiety of overstuffed chairs" for exacerbating this condition.
2.
Umpteen \UMP-teen\ adjective
Meaning
: very many : indefinitely numerous
Example
Sentence
"Oh, I've been there umpteen times," drawled Melanie, when I
excitedly told her about my plans to go to
Did you know?
"I'll go to bed and I'll not get up
for umpty-eleven months." You know the feeling. The speaker here is
war-weary Bill, a character in Patrick MacGill's early 20th-century novel The
Great Push. His "umpty" originated as military slang around 1905 and
stood for an indefinite number, generally largish. (It was probably created by
analogy to actual numbers such as "twenty.") Soon, there followed
"umpteen," blending “umpty” and "-teen." "Umpteen"
usually describes an indefinite and large number or amount, while the related
“umpteenth” is used for the latest or last in an indefinitely numerous series.
We only occasionally use "umpty" these days (and even more rarely
"umptieth"), but you're bound to hear or read "umpteen" and
"umpteenth" any number of times.
3.
Morass \muh-RASS\ noun
Meaning
1 : marsh, swamp
2 a : a situation that traps, confuses, or impedes *b : an overwhelming or confusing mass or
mixture
Example Sentence
For Diane and Oscar, trying to adopt a baby meant getting lost in a
morass of paperwork, but they knew it would be worth it.
Did you know?
We won’t swamp you with details: “morass”
comes from the Dutch word “moeras,” which itself derives from an Old French
word, “maresc,” meaning “marsh.” “Morass” has been part of English for
centuries, and in its earliest uses it was a synonym of “swamp” or “marsh.”
(That was the sense Robert Louis Stevenson used when he described Long John
Silver emerging from “a low white vapour that had crawled during the night out
of the morass” in
4. Bird-dog \BURD-dog\ verb
Meaning
1 : to watch closely
*2 : to seek out : follow, detect
Example Sentence
Scores of college recruiters bird-dogged the 7-foot high school senior
for their basketball programs.
Did you know?
People began using “bird-dog” as a verb meaning “to closely watch someone or something” or “to doggedly seek out someone or something” in the early 20th century. Both meanings reflect skills likely to be possessed by a well-trained bird dog. By the 1940s, “bird-dogging” was being used specifically as a term for stealing someone else’s date. And, not long after that, it began to be used for the scouting out of customers or prospective talent. The noun “bird dog” is also used as a name for the date stealers and scouts who do the bird-dogging.
5.
Corvée \KOR-vay\ noun
Meaning
*1 : unpaid labor (as toward constructing roads) due from a feudal
vassal to his lord
2 : labor exacted in lieu of taxes by public authorities especially for
highway construction or repair
Example Sentence
“He was also entitled to … district corvées which helped to maintain,
repair, and defend royal property….” (Bernard F. Reilly, The Medieval
Did you know?
Under the
6. Exclave \EKS-kleiv\ Noun
Meaning
: a portion of a country separated from the main part and constituting
an enclave in respect to the surrounding territory
Example Sentence
Technically, the state of
Did you know?
You probably won't be surprised to learn that the key to "exclave" is found in "enclave." "Enclave" itself ultimately derives from the Latin word for "key," which is "clavis." It was adopted in the mid-19th century from Middle French "enclaver" ("to enclose"), which in turn derives (through Vulgar Latin) from "in-" and "clavis." "Exclave" was formed about twenty years later by combining the prefix "ex-" and the "-clave" of "enclave." Other "clavis" descendants in English include "autoclave," "clavicle," "conclave," and "clavichord" (“an early keyboard instrument in use before the piano”)
7. Impuissant \im-PWISS-unt\ Adjective
Meaning
: weak, powerless
Example
Sentence
Jonah was a relentless bully who sought to intimidate any impuissant
student that he could find in the schoolyard.
Did you know?
Both the adjective "impuissant" and the noun "impuissance" came to English from Middle French. They are derived from the prefix “in-” (meaning "not") and the noun “puissance,” which means "power" and is a word in English in its own right. “Puissance” derives from the verb “poer,” meaning "to be able" or "to be powerful," and is ultimately related to the same Latin roots that gave us words such as "power" and "potent." While both "puissant" and "impuissance" first appeared in English during the 15th century, "impuissant" did not make its first appearance in our language until 1629.
8. Fortitude \FOR-tuh-tood\ noun
Meaning
: strength of mind that enables a person to encounter danger or bear
pain or adversity with courage
Example Sentence
Due to the hot weather, the road race was more a test of fortitude than
of athletic ability.
Did you know?
"Fortitude" comes from the Latin word “fortis,” meaning "strong," and in English it has always been used primarily to describe strength of mind. For a time, the word was also used to mean "physical strength" — Shakespeare used that sense in The First Part of King Henry the Sixth: "Coward of France! How much he wrongs his fame / Despairing of his own arm's fortitude." But despite use by the Bard, that second sense languished and is now considered obsolete.
9. Jeopardize \JEP-er-dyze\ verb
Meaning
: to expose to danger or risk : imperil
Example Sentence
"I'm not willing to jeopardize my friendship with Camille by lying
to her," said Luis.
Did you know?
It may be hard to believe that "jeopardize" was once
controversial, but in 1870 a grammarian called it "a foolish and
intolerable word," a view shared by many 19th-century critics. The
preferred word was "jeopard," which first appeared in print in the
14th century. (The upstart "jeopardize" turned up in 1582.) In 1828,
Noah Webster himself declared "jeopardize" to be "a modern word,
used by respectable writers in
10. Obeisance \oh-BEE-sunss\ noun
Meaning
1 : a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission : bow
*2 : acknowledgment of another’s superiority or importance : homage
Example Sentence
The people paid obeisance to their god by kneeling at the shrine.
Did you know?
When it first appeared in English in the late 14th century, “obeisance” shared the same meaning as “obedience.” This makes sense given that “obeisance” can be traced back to the Anglo-French verb “obeir,” which means “to obey” and is also an ancestor of our word “obey.” The other senses of “obeisance” also date from the 14th century, but they have stood the test of time whereas the obedience sense is now obsolete.
11. Mansuetude \MAN-swih-tood\ noun
Meaning
: the quality or state of being gentle : meekness, tameness
Example Sentence
“While her voice may have an air of mansuetude, she proved that she
could easily cut above the din of the boys in her band….” (Christopher Muther,
The
Did you know?
"Mansuetude" was first used in English in the 14th century, and it derives from the Latin verb “mansuescere,” which means "to tame." “Mansuescere” itself comes from the noun “manus” (meaning "hand") and the verb “suescere” ("to accustom" or "to become accustomed"). Unlike “manus,” which has many English descendants (including "manner," "emancipate," and "manicure," among others), “suescere” has only a few English progeny. One of them is a word we featured in December — "desuetude" — which means “disuse” and comes to us by way of Latin “desuescere” ("to become unaccustomed"). Two others are "custom" and “accustom,” which derive via Anglo-French from Latin “consuescere,” meaning "to accustom."
12. Deter \di-TER\ verb
Meaning
*1 : to turn aside, discourage, or prevent from acting
2 : inhibit
Example Sentence
To deter shoplifters, the store posted signs listing the legal penalties
for the crime.
Did you know?
The word "deter" is rooted in fear. It was borrowed into English around the mid-16th century from the Latin verb "deterrēre," which in turn was formed by combining "de-," meaning "from” or “away," with "terrēre," meaning "to frighten." "Terrēre" is also the source of "terror," "terrible," and even "terrific," which originally meant "very bad” or “frightful.” These days, you may be deterred by something that frightens you or by something that simply causes you to think about the difficult or unpleasant consequences of continuing. The word can also mean "to inhibit," as in "painting to deter rust."
13. Litotes \LYE-tuh-teez\ noun
Meaning
: understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of
the contrary
Example Sentence
Jamie blushingly acknowledged her victory by litotes, saying that her
scores were “not bad” and that she was “not displeased” with her performance.
Did you know?
Even if you've never heard the word “litotes,” chances are you've encountered this figure of speech. If you've ever approved of a job well done by exclaiming "Not bad!" or told someone that you are "not unhappy" when you are ecstatic, you've even used it yourself. In fact, you might say that it would be "no mean feat" to avoid this common feature of our language! And litotes isn't only common; it's also "simple" — etymologically speaking, that is. "Litotes" evolved from a Greek word meaning "simple," and perhaps ultimately from another Greek word meaning "linen cloth."
14. Sacrilegious \sak-ruh-LIJ-us\ adjective
Meaning
1 : committing or characterized by a technical and not necessarily
intrinsically outrageous violation (as improper reception of a sacrament) of
what is sacred because consecrated to God
*2 : grossly irreverent toward a hallowed person, place, or thing
Example Sentence
My great-grandfather was a die-hard New Dealer who considered any
criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt to be sacrilegious.
Did you know?
It may seem that "sacrilegious" should be spelled as "sacreligious," since the word sometimes describes an irreverent treatment of religious objects or places. However, "sacrilegious" comes to us from "sacrilege," which is ultimately derived from a combination of the Latin words "sacer" ("sacred") and "legere" ("to gather” or “to steal"). Its antecedent in Latin, "sacrilegus," meant "one who steals sacred things." There is no direct relation to "religious" (which is derived from the Latin word "religiosus," itself from "religio," meaning "supernatural constraint or religious practice"). The apparent resemblance between "sacrilegious" and "religious" is just a coincidence.
15. Restaurateur \res-tuh-ruh-TER\ noun
Meaning
: the operator or proprietor of a restaurant
Example Sentence
Fred began his career in the food-service
industry as a humble busboy, but today he is a successful restaurateur who
recently opened his third eating establishment.
Did you know?
"Restaurateur" and "restaurant" were borrowed directly from related French words, and both ultimately derive from the Latin word "restaurare" ("to restore"). "Restaurant" arrived in English in the second half of the 18th century. We acquired "restaurateur" approximately 30 years later. Of the two words, "restaurant" is significantly more common — a fact that may have influenced the development of the variant spelling "restauranteur" for "restaurateur." "Restauranteur" first appeared in the 1920s, and some people consider it to be an error. It is, however, a standard variant, albeit one that continues to be used less frequently than "restaurateur."
16. Conscientious \kahn-shee-EN-shus\ adjective
Meaning
1 : governed by or conforming to the dictates of conscience : scrupulous
*2 : meticulous, careful
Example Sentence
Carolyn was very conscientious in her research, exploring every possible
influence and outcome before preparing her final report.
Did you know?
According to American writer and editor H.L. Mencken, "Conscience is the inner voice which warns us someone may be looking." A person who is conscientious makes sure that if others are watching, they like what they see. "Conscience" and "conscientious" both come from the Latin verb "conscire," a word that means "to be conscious" or “to be conscious of guilt” and that traces back to a still older Latin word, "scire," meaning "to know."
17. Nocebo \noh-SEE-boh\ noun
Meaning
: a harmless substance that when taken by a patient is associated with
harmful effects due to negative expectations or the psychological condition of
the patient
Example
Sentence
Patients given the nocebo reported mild
to severe headaches.
Did you know?
“Nocent” has been in the English language as a word for “harmful” since the 15th century. It comes from Latin “nocēre,” meaning “to harm.” Latin “nocebo” is a close relative that means “I will be harmful” and that contrasts with “placebo,” meaning “I shall please.” People in medicine began using “placebo” for inert preparations prescribed solely for a patient’s mental relief, and not for relieving a disorder, in the late 18th century. As doctors began to observe the effects of placebos, some noticed that the harmless preparations actually sometimes caused detrimental effects on the patient’s health. English speakers began using the word “nocebo” for substances causing such adverse reactions in patients in 1961.
18. Procrustean \pruh-KRUSS-tee-un\ adjective
Meaning
1 : of, relating to, or typical of
Procrustes
*2 : marked by arbitrary often ruthless
disregard of individual differences or special circumstances
Example
Sentence
The company abandoned its procrustean scheduling policy and began
allowing single mothers and other employees to work more flexible hours.
Did you know?
Procrustes was one of many villains defeated by the Greek hero Theseus. According to Greek mythology, Procrustes was a robber who killed his victims in a most cruel and unusual way. He made them lie on an iron bed and would force them to fit the bed by cutting off the parts that hung off the ends or by stretching those people who were too short. Something “Procrustean,” therefore, takes no account of individual differences but cruelly and mercilessly makes everything the same. And a “procrustean bed” is a scheme or pattern into which someone or something is arbitrarily forced.
19. Atoll \AT-tawl\ noun
Meaning
: a coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon
Example Sentence
The
Did you know?
If you are lucky enough to sail south and west of
20. Bespoke \bih-SPOHK\ adjective
Meaning
*1 : custom-made
2 : dealing in or producing custom-made articles
Example Sentence
The shop employs renowned tailors who create the finest bespoke suits
from luxurious cloths.
Did you know?
In the English language of yore, the verb “bespeak” had various meanings, including “to speak,” “to accuse,” and “to complain.” In the 16th century, “bespeak” acquired another meaning — “to order or arrange in advance.” It is from that sense that we get the adjective “bespoke,” referring to clothes and other things that are ordered before they are made. You are most likely to encounter this adjective in British contexts, such as the recent Reuters news story about a young pig in Northern England who was fitted with “bespoke miniature footwear” (custom-made Wellington boots) to help it overcome a phobia of mud.
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